...space, Page 6, Horizon and flatness problems moot (gravitation)

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6.3.5. Addressing the horizon and flatness problems of cosmology

The "horizon problem" arises because the universe appears to have a similar structure to the limit of observation, implying communication of some sort among all the masses at greater than light speed (or the assumed homogeneous early universe had time to communicate by light signals). In that particles may be non-local (Sect. 6.3.3, also Bell's Theorem and EPR type experiments), the light speed restriction of special relativity need not be violated, and the horizon problem becomes moot.

The "flatness problem": In the conventional view the universe is said to be near critical mass, balanced so to speak, between gravitational collapse and unstoppable expansion (before the observations that the universe is accelerating) implying an improbably finely tuned initial Hubble parameter -- the assumption being that gravity was and is universally attractive. However, in the present context gravity is, always has been and will be repulsive on the large scale (and apparently attractive on smaller scales as discussed), with acceleration approaching but never reaching zero and with velocity ever increasing, as indicated in Equation (4). The finely self-tuned, variable Hubble parameter (d^2r/dt^2 in the present context) is implied in generalized Newtonian gravity. Thus the flatness problem is also moot.

6.3.6. Clarification of "positive" and "negative" mass

The term "net mass-energy" has been used, but it should not imply that positive mass introduces a positive gravitational field (or positive gravitational mass-energy) in that particles characterized as having positive mass are not sources of gravitational fields of any sort. The term "positive" refers only to the point of view, that is, viewing the head of a gravitational field line: the head of a gravitational field line is adjacent to an elementary particle, as discussed. The body and tail of this same field line originates in space, usually, but not necessarily, large-scale space, which has negative mass-energy, as discussed.

(To be continued above. Introductory material at unifyingphysics.net)