Possible misuse of classical Newtonian gravity beyond the Solar system

Newtonian gravity is the concise recording in mathematical language of certain observed phenomena within the Solar system. The opposite can be said of the General Theory of Relativity, Einstein's elegant, self-consistent mathematical construct, that actually predicts natural phenomena, without having to refer to the natural world. The two approaches merge under conditions most would consider normal. They begin diverging slightly with the astronomical measurements at the Solar system level. The divergence increases with speed and/or mass increase, where relativity predominates. Also it might be dependent on distance as well, such that the notions of dark matter and dark energy might be altered, and possibly the very concept of gravity itself. It must be emphasized that Newton's law of gravity as currently understood is not a theory, not a logical construct. Logically, the mathematical relation is meaningless, merely stating that any two masses within the Solar system move toward one another depending on quantity of mass and separation distance in a certain simple way. It should possibly not be used beyond the Solar system with any certainty. For instance, when noting the stability of a galaxy, the rule fails without the assumption of some type of matter that extends well beyond the size detected by instrumentation -- dark matter, discussed below. It is assumed such palpable dark matter exists, rather than assuming the equation is improperly applied to this situation. Newton's rule of gravity in classical form might be misleading. Is there something behind Newtonian gravity that has meaning in the theoretical sense, in the sense that general relativity has meaning and internal consistency and predictive power, beyond phenomena within our Solar system? When we consider the opposite of the Solar system -- the large-scale structure of the universe -- a hint is apparent. Not only is the universe expanding, the expansion is accelerating. In Newtonian thinking acceleration implies force. A force might be pushing clusters of galaxies apart. When we look at the large-scale structure of the universe (see image), we see generally large bubble-like voids surrounded by thin sheets and filaments of material. This material is galactic superclusters -- from the sequence stars and systems, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, galactic superclusters. The parts of the universe are stable (do not expand) until above the level of clusters of galaxies (consisting of from a few to hundreads, and even thousands of galaxies). It is the large-scale, essentially spherical voids (often intersecting like soap bubbles) and supercluster shells of these voids that are undergoing accelerated expansion. Let's suppose that two practically adjacent expanding voids have mass (rather mass/energy in the relativistic sense -- pure energy in space reacts gravitationally like a "dispersed particle"). This mass/energy should be negative. (It is important to realize that ponderable negative mass particles are not being considered.) If the void mass/energy was positive, the void would contract. For now this negative mass/energy, or repulsive effect, might represent the cosmological constant or energy of the quantum vacuum. Equating gravitational and inertial effects in Newtonian language, (G(-m1)me) / (r1)^2 = me A (1) (G me me) / (d)^2 = me A (2) where "subscript" 1 in Equation (1) refers to a large-scale spherical void on one side of a supercluster sheet, and A is universal expansion acceleration, and where subscsript e refers to given electrons in the supercluster (actually within a solar system), and where Equation (2) is the classical form. Note that the two equations are equivalent. While the second is the theoretically meaningless "action at a distance", the first possibly explains why electrons (and matter in general) appear to be attracted to one another below the supercluster level. The agent in the first equation is the force by the expanding void and supercluster space that might be pushing one of the electrons. The void on the other side of the supercluster sheet might be pushing the other electron toward the first. Alternatively, there is less expanding space between than about the electrons. This sequence, formally detailed,* is shown to lead to a one order of magnitude greater than the radius of the visible disc of the Milky Way galaxy, of dark matter, consisting of pure gravitational energy, originating in the adjacent large-scale cosmic voids and supercluster sheet. For a globular star cluster, four orders of magnitude. And for the Solar system, one order of magnitude beyond the orbit of Pluto. By itself, this is a meaningless prediction unless provable. However, the logical sequence also leads to an expression of electron mass in terms of natural constants, |me| = (k^2(A/G)(e/c)^4)^1/3 (order of magnitude) This lends credence to the dark matter predictions. On the other hand, the classical Newtonian form "predicts" only an approximate doubling of the visible galaxy disc to account for dark matter of palpable but unknown type, invisible to any instrumentation. Invisibility is possibly explained in the former by being pure energy. In addition, dark energy might be pure negative gravitational energy within the large-scale voids and among the clusters in the supercluster sheets. Dark energy and dark matter, then, might be similar in kind, where scale of observation is the principal difference. _____ *Generalizing Newtonian gravity with accelerated expanding space, at unifyingphysics.net